Pests can be nuisances and may damage property. The goal of pest control is to minimize their numbers and/or damage to an acceptable level. Pest control methods include prevention, suppression, and eradication.
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Pest identification is an important first step in pest control. It helps you understand your pests—what they need to survive and thrive, where they’re likely to look for food and water, what causes them to be attracted to a particular area, how they damage the environment, people, or buildings, and what steps can be taken to prevent or minimize their presence.
A pest’s physical appearance can be an excellent indicator of what it is. For example, a weed seedling may look very different from a mature plant, and many insect species go through distinct physical changes as they develop from eggs to immature forms to adulthood. Proper identification can also help determine when and how to apply management tactics, such as limiting access to water or food, sealing entrances, or baiting.
In addition, pests may leave telltale signs in and around your home or workplace, such as fecal droppings, gnaw marks, or shed skins (cast-off exoskeletons of insects that have molted). In some cases, you might have to use a magnifying lens to see these signs, but most pests are fairly well-known to the average person.
Rodents, for example, often leave scat and urine trails in kitchens and bathrooms, and cockroaches frequently shed their outer skins as they grow. Insects can also leave discarded wings, antennae, and body parts.
If you can’t identify your mystery pest, try using MMPC’s free Pest ID Center online tool, which analyzes a specimen (or pictures) and provides the results with links to information about the pest’s biology and management options.
You can also ask a local pest control company to inspect your property for signs of unwanted guests. Be sure to get an estimate for the services before beginning the work, and make sure the individual who assesses your pest problem is a technician rather than a salesperson.
Pest control companies should follow IPM principles, which emphasize treating only for observed and identified problems, and using methods that are least harmful to the environment and human health. This often means focusing on prevention—such as sealing entry points and cleaning up debris that attracts the pest, rather than spraying an entire property.
Pest Prevention
Infestations can cause serious health problems for building occupants, and the chemicals used to treat pests can contaminate food and make asthma and allergies worse. The best way to avoid the need for pest control is by preventing infestations in the first place. This can be done by using a combination of physical, biological and chemical means.
Physical pest prevention involves preventing access to water, food and shelter sources. This includes keeping trash cans closed, cleaning frequently, sealing open vents and reducing clutter inside and outside buildings. Insect barriers, such as screens on windows and doors, can also prevent pests from entering.
Biological pest prevention involves using organisms that are naturally effective at controlling pests, such as birds or mammals that eat and disperse pests and parasitic organisms that feed on and kill pests. Biological control methods can be used in conjunction with other pest control measures, such as exclusion, quarantine and trapping.
Chemical pest prevention includes the use of insecticides and herbicides. While a wide range of commercial pesticides are available, they must be carefully selected and applied according to the product label to ensure that they do not pose risks to people or the environment. Pesticides should be stored properly and out of the reach of children, pets or other animals.
Medical facilities face special challenges when it comes to pest control. Rodent and insect intruders can pose real disease threats for patients and staff, as well as create a reputation risk for the facility. To minimize the need for pest control, hospital and other EVS managers should use integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.
For example, hospitals should conduct regular scouting and inspection of pest barriers to find any gaps or cracks that need to be sealed. Using IPM helps reduce the need for pesticides, which are more likely to harm the environment than non-chemical methods. In addition, pests should be spotted and identified as quickly as possible to prevent them from spreading from one area to another. This can be done by incorporating scouting into routine cleaning audits that expert FM companies perform on behalf of their clients.
Pest Control Methods
Physical traps, screens, fences, barriers, and other devices can keep pests away from buildings or gardens. Some methods alter the environment to make it unfavorable for the pests, such as limiting available food or water or increasing or decreasing humidity or temperature.
Biological pest control uses living organisms to kill or deter pests, such as nematodes, mycorrhizae, and parasitic wasps. These organisms are often naturally occurring in the environment and can be used with little or no risk to humans, animals, and plants.
Chemical pest controls include solutions that contain toxins, such as insecticides and rodenticides. They can be used to quickly reduce a large pest population or to target specific areas where pests are present. They may be used as a last resort when other approaches are ineffective or impractical.
Preventive measures can help eliminate the need for pest control. They include things like making sure that doors and windows are properly sealed, eliminating food sources, removing shelters, and getting rid of clutter where pests can breed or hide.
When to Use Pest Control
It’s important to treat a pest only when it threatens something you value, such as health, property, or the appearance of your garden. This is known as threshold-based decision-making. Threshold levels can be determined by monitoring the number of pests or the severity of their damage. Monitoring includes scouting, which involves regularly searching for and identifying pests, assessing their numbers, and determining the severity of their damage.
Thresholds can also be set by a pest’s natural history or ecology. Some pests, such as mosquitoes and fleas, can carry disease or cause itchy, irritating bites, while others, such as mice and cockroaches, can contaminate food, damage structures, and spread toxins, such as Salmonella or the Zika virus.
Preventive methods should be employed whenever possible to keep pest populations low. They can be divided into categories: prevention — keeping pests from entering a building or garden; suppression — reducing the number of pests to an acceptable level; and eradication – completely eliminating an infestation.
Pesticides
Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, killing, destroying, mitigating, or repelling any pest (NPIC). Pesticides are chemical compounds or biological agents that target specific organisms. They can kill, harm or incapacitate pests such as insects, weeds, plant diseases, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes and fungi. They can be applied to the soil, water or air. They are marketed as products such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and disinfectants. They are typically dispensed in the form of sprays, powders, dips, granules and gases (fungicides).
Pesticides are expensive to purchase and use and can be toxic to humans, other species and the environment. They can cause acute health impacts such as headaches and nausea or chronic effects over time, such as cancer or birth defects. They can also disrupt ecosystems by polluting air, water and sediments and contaminating foods and crops.
The toxicity of a pesticide is determined by its ability to damage or kill the targeted organism, which in turn may affect other organisms in the ecosystem. They can also have a negative impact on the soil by damaging or sterilizing it and eliminating the microorganisms that make it healthy and fertile for growing plants.
In general, routine pesticide applications should be avoided unless the pests are persistent or are present at levels that interfere with the health and/or appearance of the landscape. If the need for pest control is determined, the best approach is through an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan that combines monitoring, inspection and treatment of the pests with preventive measures such as mulching, planting resistant varieties, cultural practices, physical barriers like fencing and mechanical controls like trapping or netting.
When using pesticides, it is important to follow label directions. Refer to the Woody Ornamental Insect, Mite and Disease Management Guide from Penn State Extension or a similar current reference for a list of materials that are registered for use on plants in your area. Mix and apply the material according to professional recommendations, and wear all protective clothing as specified on the label. Follow the instructions for storing and disposing of the material as well.